Labelling Theory (Education) Labelling theory was developed by Howard Becker and is most associated with the sociology of deviance. In the case of employed domestic violence suspects, the formal label of abuser and a threatened felony conviction may have severely costly implications for the future of their career; however, for those who are unemployed, this threat is less amplified. Thomas, Charles Horton Cooley, Herbert Blumer, and others, with Howard Becker considered as the most prominent one of all. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the societal Reaction theory. Young, J (1971). He pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the whims of authority. Labeling theory is associated with the work of Becker and is a reaction to sociological theories which examined only the characteristics of the deviants, rather than the agencies which controlled them. Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. This goes against the labelling theory, which states that labelling must come from a third party. Labelling can have different aspects as well. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. Labeling theory argues that no act is intrinsically criminal, meaning that no action is always criminal in nature. Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Foster et al, 1972 say that in certain unique cases, the label of criminal may force an individual to integrate back into society and try and try and show them that the criminal act he or she committed was a mistake and will not happen again (cited in Labelling theory). It is this latter form of deviance that enabled Labeling theory to gain such immense popularity in the 1960's, forcing criminologists to reconsider how large a part We can thus conclude that labelling theory does have an effect, but is not the primary cause for most of the acts committed. Available: http://law.jrank.org/pages/817/Crime-Causation-Sociological-Theories-Labeling-theory.html#ixzz0cziNc0ZO. Conversely, however, social control agencies made the punishment of delinquents severe and public, with the idea that such punishments created deterrence. Delinquency, situational inducements, and commitment to conformity. The effect of labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is a bit more pronounced and clear. Nickerson, C. (2021, Oct 09). This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into declinepartly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. judgments, or labels, that modify This finding which implies that formal labeling only increases deviance in specific situations is consistent with deterrence theory. Group process and gang delinquency: University of Chicago Press Chicago. Delinquency, situational inducements, and commitment to conformity. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline-partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. According to Erwin Lemerts Societal Reaction, a person goes through two phases of social deviance: The labeling theory explains that an individual succumbs to his deviant identity when hes labeled as such by society. Charlotte Nickerson is a member of the Class of 2024 at Harvard University. In Handbook on crime and deviance (pp. 220-254): Springer. 806 8067 22 Therefore, this theory is often used to understand criminal behavior or those that are considered deviants. had bad storytelling and oratory skills were mocked. The past 20 years have brought significant attempts to improve the methodology of labeling theory research. It focuses on the reaction of society to the criminals behavior. Labeling theory is an approach in the sociology of deviance that focuses on the ways in which the agents of social control attach stigmatizing stereotypes to particular groups, and the ways in which the stigmatized change their behavior once labeled. Strengths of the interactionist theory of crime. Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self rejection occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. African American children, for example, are more likely to be seen as rrule-breakers by their parents than their white peers (Matsueda, 1992). But now, homosexuality is an accepted fact in society and there are little or fewer stigmas and or labelling attached to it. Secondly is the process of self-labelling. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Walter Grove on the other hand was vehemently opposed to the theory proposed by Thomas Scheff. This part of the labelling theory has many policy implications. However, certain peers, as another study from Zhang (1994b) shows, are more likely to reject those labeled as deviant than others. Labeling theory. According to being labeled a deviant person is one that engages in deviant behaviors. If I'm on a project, I'm going to make sure to stick with it to the bitter, bloody end." Although this might sound like a strength, it's actually a weakness in disguise! The labeling theory states that societys response to these behaviors determines whether that behavior should have a deviant label or not. As a rule, such labels are imposed by people who represent the force of law or who are empowered to apply to others the well-defined rules of conventional morality. Here, at Studybay, my objective is to make sure all our texts are clear, informative, and engaging. This interactionist perspective helps criminologists understand an individuals actions and reactions. Well occasionally send you promo and account related emails. American Sociological Review, 202-215. Mead, G. H. (1934). There are clearly some acts considered wrong in almost all the societies and nations in the world, murder, arson are a few such examples (cited in labelling theory). The severity of official punishment for delinquency and change in interpersonal relations in Chinese society. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! The word home can mean warmth and family to a non-deviant juvenile. Social control: An introduction: Polity.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_10',863,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-leader-3','ezslot_23',864,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-leader-3-0');Dunford, F. W., Huizinga, D., & Elliott, D. S. (1990). As the labelling theory states, the first is the audience learning about the act that is considered criminal and not the act itself. Sherman, W., & Berk, R. A. Those are, no acts are inherently criminal, there can be a process of self-labelling, it covers or is supposed to cover all criminal activity, depends on the members of the society or those that do the labelling and finally it depends on the personality of the individual. This is the precursor to the social reaction or labeling theory which has present day acceptance and includes many of the same concepts. There are clearly some acts considered wrong in almost all the societies and nations in the world, murder, arson are a few such examples (cited in labelling theory). If they live in Massachusetts, they will have no problem claiming a marriage license as same-sex marriage is legal in that state. 747 Words. This was due to the fact the these people had low self esteem and by doing something that brings them close to the edge makes them feel like a rebel. In the heavily collectivist, family-centered Chinese culture, those who were labeled as deviant were significantly more likely to be rejected by friends and neighbors than parents and relatives (Zhang, 1994a). It becomes so extreme that it becomes their one and only status. Consistent with labeling theory, children whose parents see them as someone who gets into trouble or breaks rules and children who feel as if their friends, parents, and teachers see them as someone who gets into trouble or breaks rules tend to have higher levels of subsequent delinquency. Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self rejection occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. It also attempts to understand how and why labelling has such a powerful impact on the rest of society. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on LawTeacher.net then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. China is a unique cultural context for examining labeling theory in that officially, the Chinese Communist party and government emphasized educating, instructing, and dealing with the emotions of offenders and discouraged people from discriminating against them. Labelling theory supports the idea of radical non-interventionism, in which policy dictates that certain acts are decriminalised and the removal of the social stigmata surrounding the acts. Based on criminological literature, the labeling theory had influences from the following sociologists and their works: The Dramatization of Evil states that when an individual is described as a criminal, he eventually becomes one. Grove argued the opposite point. They will be labeled deviants.. You should not treat any information in this essay as being authoritative. Lemert states that there are exceptions and people continue to stay in the primary phase, an example would be someone who rationalizes that the so called criminal act is legal as it is necessary for them to survive and earn money (an exotic dancer would be an example). Therefore, they are the ones who make the rules as to whats considered deviancy and mold the criminal justice system as to the definition of who are deviants. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40220048. Becoming a Marihuana User. Youths are especially vulnerable to labelling theory. Other tribes however had no mention of stuttering in their language and had no members of their tribes stuttering. For example, the teachers and staff at a school can label a child as a troublemaker and treat him as such (through detention and so forth). This is the most debated part of the labelling theory brought about by him. Looking for a flexible role? Labeling theory. Proponents of the theory of labels interpret deviant behavior not as a set of traits inherent in individuals or groups but as a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants. Any misbehavior may be explained entirely by how that individual is labeled as a criminal (Travis, 2002). (1965). Labelling theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the role of labels and stereotypes in shaping individuals' identities and behaviors. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. Continue with Recommended Cookies, CriminologySymbolic InteractionismLabeling, By CharlotteNickerson, published Oct 08, 2021. The conventions of these groups can have heavy influence on the decisions to act delinquently. Studies have come across certain individuals that have personality traits which makes them resistant to the labels conferred on them by society. had bad storytelling and oratory skills were mocked. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. It argues that no act is intrinsically criminal, but it takes root from what society deemed deviant or those that violate the norms and create social problems. There are many strengths to the labelling theory as it gives a reason as to why people with certain labels behave in the way they do. Notably, Paternoster and Iovanni (1989) argued that large portions of labeling research were methodologically flawed to the extent that it offered few conclusions for sociologists. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 31(4), 416-433. var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" In spite of these, the major drawback of the labelling theory is the lack of empirical data to support it. We can thus conclude that labelling theory does have an effect, but is not the primary cause for most of the acts committed. Huizinga, D., & Henry, K. L. (2008). Paternoster, R., & Iovanni, L. (1989). The daily mail ran an article which stated that some people were more likely to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. In the early times, it was illegal. They will label her as a deviant since her behavior violates the social norms. He said that people are said to be mentally ill, when they display behaviour that makes them to be so. Thus, those labeled as deviant would want to seek relationships with those who also have a deviant self-concept. This theory explains that deviance is not an individuals or groups character but instead the result of how criminality is interpreted by society. Thus we see that labelling though introduced to help society and make it a better place can actually make it worse. Developmental theories of crime and delinquency, 7, 133-161. Outsiders-Defining Deviance. However, there are already inherent drawbacks with the drawbacks given by various individual sociologists. Link (1982) proposes two processes for social exclusion among those labeled as deviant: a rejection oor devaluation of the deviant person by the community and authorities; and secondly, the labeledperson can expect rejection and devaluation, leading to social withdrawal. In schools, those that come from a working class family or a lower class, the youth gangs are seen as trouble makers compared to the middle class gangs who are labelled as pranksters instead. Howard Those in economically depressed areas places where perpetrators were less likely to be able to hold down a job had less to lose by the conventional social tie of work, and recidivism with higher. How Does the Labeling Theory Explain Deviance? He said that in tribes where good oratory skills were not expected, there was no negative reaction and hence there was no deviance of the above type. Criminology, 45(3), 547-581. The labelling theory emerges from the School of Chicago, with many theorists being members of the Chicago school, or simply influenced by Chicago School thinking. He is also responsible for coining the term moral entrepreneur which is a term used to describe law making officials who get certain criminal behaviour illegal. This is due to the fact that people with low self esteem or a different/weak personality trait takes these drugs to show that they can handle it and want to rebel against society. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. This lack of conventional tires can have a large impact on self-definition and lead to subsequent deviance (Bernburg, 2009). However, when those who were arrested were employed, the arrest had a deterrent effect (Bernburg, 2009). Therefore Becker says that personal motives and the influence by society has nothing to do with criminal behaviour. One of the most important approaches to understanding the nature of crime is called the labeling theory. He said that due to their illness, they behave differently most of the time and are hence treated as such. He argues that being deviant is not inherent in a person, but rather, its built-in to society. The role of arrest in domestic assault: The Omaha police experiment. An example would be a person stealing to satisfy his hunger. His main concept was the dramatization of evil. He said that in tribes where good oratory skills were not expected, there was no negative reaction and hence there was no deviance of the above type. 24-31): Routledge. Chiricos, T., Barrick, K., Bales, W., & Bontrager, S. (2007). In this article, we share everything you need to know about the fascinating labeling theory. ignores the victims of the crime. But now, homosexuality is an accepted fact in society and there are little or fewer stigmas and or labelling attached to it. Although in most cases secondary deviance will be accomplished in which the person accepts the label of criminal and begins to associate with similarly branded people, losing contact with friends who conform to societies rules (Becker, 1963 cited in Labelling Theory). Individuals can rationalize their deviant behaviour. Gove also said that even if labeling theorists argue that those labeled as mentally ill are not different from the others who are not labeled, evidence suggests that there is a genetic component differentiating them. Labelling can have different aspects as well. Those who support the theory see its strengths in: The weak spots of the labeling theory include: Works from other sociologists and researchers about the labeling theory are as follows: The modern labeling theory is credited to Howard Becker. Those who critic this theory say that the labeling theory: Mental health has been in the limelight in recent events as people realized its importance, creating a more welcoming attitude by the family members, friends, and employers to the labeled individual whos suffering from mental disorders. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. Using this essay writing service is legal and is not prohibited by any university/college policies. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. Labelling Theory Question Crime and Deviance 20 Marks , What does 'Evaluate labelling theories' mean? These youths then go on to reject those that have labelled them and tend to set up their own criminal lifestyles consisting of criminal behaviour. According to Becker (1963), To be labeled a criminal carries a number of connotations specifying auxiliary traits characteristic of anyone bearing the label., That is to say, that a label of deviance (such as being a criminal) can become one that overtakes ones entire identity. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. Researchers, such as Matsueda (1992), have clarified how labeling leads to deviance, particularly when this labeling is informa, and these findings have been more replicable than those in the past. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. He said that labelling theory and the mentally ill have no influence on one another. Erwin Lemert is credited with being the founder of what is called the "Societal Reaction" theory. As a result, the person can see themselves as a deviant (Bamburg, 2009). These are dependent upon the interpretation of those who enact those laws, like the courts and the police. - Critics doubt the existence of an unconscious mind how . Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. For example, the teachers and staff at a school can label a child as a troublemaker and treat him as such (through detention and so fourth). Its understanding is fundamental for those who wish to receive profound knowledge in many fields, including sociology and criminology. One of the other drawbacks also mentions the aspect of self-labelling. - Psychoanalytic explanations have had some influence on policies for dealing with crime and deviance. He questioned fifty of those users and found that they did not have any pre-dispositional behaviour towards it. It is those that in power choose to classify actions as such through law-making. The drugtakers. www.simplypsychology.org/labeling-theory.html. Labeling theory is an approach in the sociology of deviance that focuses on the ways in which the agents of social control attach stigmatizing stereotypes to particular groups, and the ways in which the stigmatized change their behavior once labeled. (2006). An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. Labeling theorists specify two types of categories when investigating the implications of labeling: formal and informal labels. Research has shown that many of the youth gangs who come from the lower class get arrested and are labelled further as criminals. The smoking of marijuana is another example, although it is illegal in most of the societies and nations it is now slowly being tolerated in some and even being legalised in others. Labelling theory is one of the main parts of social action, or interactionist theory, which seeks to understand human action by looking at micro-level processes, looking at social life through a microscope, from the ground-up. He goes on to say that the murderer may have a conscience which will cause him to label himself or herself as a murderer. Social bonding theory, first developed by Travis Hirschi, asserts that people who have strong attachments to conventional society (for example, involvement, investment, and belief) are less likely to be deviant than those with weak bonds to conventional society (Chriss, 2007). Marshall and Purdy (1972) stated that the studies conducted reflected actual behavioural differences that were reacted to differently by different people. This self rejection attitude leads to the rejection of the norms of society and gives them a motive to deviate from conventional values of society. Mind, self and society (Vol. Peers' rejection as a possible consequence of official reaction to delinquency in Chinese society. Marijuana for example is tolerated in Amsterdam and is legal in other parts of the world (Mexico allows four grams for personal use). Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. highlights weakness in crime statistics. This self rejection attitude leads to the rejection of the norms of society and gives them a motive to deviate from conventional values of society. Learn How to Order Essay Online. As it has already been explained, if the audience doesnt know about it then it is not a crime. Marijuana for example is tolerated in Amsterdam and is legal in other parts of the world (Mexico allows four grams for personal use). This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. In 1981 and 1982, the Minneapolis Police Department conducted an experiment to determine the effect of arresting domestic violence suspects on subsequent behavior (Sherman and Berk, 1984). Zhang, L., & Messner, S. F. (1994a). It has occurred only when both the society and individual consider him or her to be a criminal or a deviant. labeling is not an integrated theory; it is a perspective based on a number of common assumptions about social definitions and behavior. Intervention may make things worse. The biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling theory is that it has not yet been empirically validated. However, when several other cities replicated this experiment, they found that arresting domestic violence perpetrators actually resulted in significant increases in domestic violence (Dunford, Huizinga, and Elliott, 1990). Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. On the meaning and measurement of suspects' demeanor toward the police: A comment on Demeanor and Arrest. to the labeled person. Becker, H. (1963). Kavish, D. R., Mullins, C. W., & Soto, D. A. Lemert (1967) brought out the connection between social reaction and deviance through his studies and research of a number of Indian tribes in British Columbia. The severity of official reaction to delinquency in Chinese society essay writing service is legal in state. Developmental theories of crime and deviance 20 Marks, What does 'Evaluate theories. An unconscious mind how writing service is legal in that state, with Howard Becker and is most associated the... 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