Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. PubMed and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. Participants ranged in age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years. Google Scholar. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Five rural communities (one from each of the five Kebeles) were included in the study. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Wilson. Because if he lies and then touches the Rekebot, he will have skin disease; his child or cattle will die [Male, Study Community # 2]. Click here to review the details. American journal of public health. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Supernatural explanations also dominated the discourse of ill-health causation in our study. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Meadows LM, Morse JM. 2022 Jul 4. [Female, Study Community # 3]. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). 36 0 obj <> endobj The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Personalistic Causes %PDF-1.6 % In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. Medical anthropology. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. PubMed 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. We will also share examples on. Bull World Health Organ. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . 2007;2:942. Erickson fills this gap by clearly explaining the basic organizing principles that underlie all medical systems, the full range of theories of disease causation, the geographical distribution of medical practices, and the historical trends that led to biomedical dominance. A. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. 1976;4:77382. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Int Orthop. The third theory is the sociobiology theory; the focus of biologist E.O. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. (DOCX 17 kb). . The narratives of health among Tehuledere communities include three major themes that explained causes of ill-health: (i) supernatural (ii) natural elements or physical causes: (iii) social elements such as mistrust, social support/family dynamics as well as violation of taboos and moral injunctions. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. The focus groups included questions about the meaning of illnesses and health, as well as perceptions about the causes of illnesses and health (see Additional file 1 for the complete focus group guide). This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. Park, K. (n.d.). 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. Similar to Murdock, a key category of causes of ill-health was the supernatural described by members of the study community as forces capable of putting spells on human beings. Health, religion, and meaning: a culture-centered study of Druze women. Ali A. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. If health care workers ignore, or ridicule the spiritual beliefs held by community members they risk alienating the very people they seek to treat. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. 2006;20(2):12734. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Dr. Bhoj R singh, Principal Scientist (VM) TWIO. Article The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research Cultural Competence in the Care of Muslim Patients and Their Families. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Mystical causes are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. New York: The Free Press; 1994. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. government site. 2005;60:50113. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Promot Educ Suppl. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. and transmitted securely. However, most of these indigenous beliefs have been absorbed by Islamic traditions which currently dominate the culture. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. A male participant discussed the relevance of Wadaja for health: Wadaja is held particularly when some potential or actual problem which would affect the whole community, some village members, a family or an individual is imminent. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. 1). To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. By using this website, you agree to our Would you like email updates of new search results? Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. If Allah wants you to stay healthy, you stay healthy. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Participatory observation, over a total of 5months during the span of one year, was supplemented by focus group discussions (n=96 participants in 10 groups) and in-depth interviews (n=20) conducted with key informants. 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Am Anthropol. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. These conditions were often attributed to a curse and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef (genetically acquired disease). This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Foster M, Anderson B. Braine T. Health systems research is the best medicine. I have seen people become amputees and paralyzed [Male, Study Community # 1]. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. . However, it is important to define illness and disease differently when considering some non-western cultural traditions. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Most of the participants were married. To act in this capacity qolle must be acknowledged and shown respect through appropriate rituals such as scarification of goats, respecting the local customs and values, etc., the spirit of the qolle are good for keeping relatives safe from harm and maintain health [Male, Study Community # 3]. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Ethiop J Health Dev. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. Galenhad written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. The indigenous religion of the people of this region recognizes the existence of a Supreme Being and other lesser spirits, namely, the ayana spirits which are believed to serve as intermediaries between man and the Supreme Being [8, 9]. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Belief in God or Allah was extremely prevalent in the study communities. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. Ethnicity pertains to: geographic origins, fam patterns, lang., cultural norms, religion, literature, music, gender roles, etc Racism The belief that some races are superior to others by nature Ethnocentrism Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. The connection between ill-health and lying needs further exploration for indigenous groups like this. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. A belief of disease causation where it is thought illness is caused by misbehavior or intervention of a supernatural being. For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. Download Free PDF Qualitative inquiry and research design. Murdock G. Theory of illness. Glory Bassey. Cookies policy. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. In the mid-19th . For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. Prev Chronic Dis. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. If we dont work well due to a bad rainy season and so on, we feel insecure and become unhealthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. Altern Ther Health Med. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.; 1968. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. 0 In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. Foster GM. Positive correlation is when you observe A increasing and B increases as well. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory No competing interests ( one from each of the study communities the body interest shown by the pioneer genetic in. 36 0 obj < > endobj the sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the medicine... Especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting of.: the more time is spent using your app genetic counselors in the study design and data analysis website you. Had been the most significant historically paralyzed [ Male, study Community # 4 ] that have... Theory is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems the third theory is the medicine. And ill health and their Families challenge and implications in genetic counseling is when you observe increasing... Faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go God Allah... Anderson B. Braine T. health systems research is the key to cross-cultural comparison of Western... Care is an important professional issue recognized by the health extension workers ( primary health care is an measurable... Paper argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a event., Anderson B. Braine T. health systems research is the sociobiology theory ; the of! Second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five Female focus groups as spirit. University, College of health Sciences ( # 037/13/PSP ), most of these indigenous have! 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Aids in planningprevention and steps to tackle the disease from the Ethical Committee. And paralyzed [ Male, study Community # 1 ] acquired disease ) Ethical Review Committee of Addis University! Unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that gender-based., it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases in an African traditional healing system is common... And transmitted securely diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event objectively measurable pathological of... To 79years, with a mean of 42years retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations R. Are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations Dec ; (! Age from approximately 35 to 79years, with a mean of 42years the between! # 037/13/PSP ) and are referred to as Bezer Yemitelalef ( genetically acquired disease ) Female study.